Effect of the percentage of Bos taurus inheritance on the fertility of Holstein×Zebu and Brown Swiss×Zebu cows in the Mexican tropics

Background: No dairy breed or crossbreed has superior overall performance in all environments; therefore, it is necessary to determine which crossbreed is the most suitable for the Mexican tropic and what proportion of European breed is optimum for reproduction. Objective: To assess the effect of the proportion of Bos taurus (Bt) genes on reproductive performance of Holstein×Zebu (HZ) and Brown Swiss×Zebu (BZ) cows, and compare reproductive performance of these genotypes in a dual- purpose production system. Methods: Cows were maintained in a rotational grazing system on African star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus) in Veracruz, Mexico. Cows were milked twice daily. Calves were kept tied to the side of their dams while the cows were milked. Results: The percentage of Bt genes did not affect (p>0.05) fertility traits (age at first calving, days to first service after calving, services per conception, conception rate at first service, days open until conception, gestation length, and calving interval) of BZ cows. In contrast, HZ cows with less than 75% Holstein (H) genes were 0.3 years younger (p<0.05) at first calving and had 39.8 fewer days open (p<0.05) than HZ cows with 75% H genes or more. In addition, the calving interval of HZ cows with less than 75% H genes was 44.8 days shorter (p<0.05) than that of HZ cows with 75% H genes or more. The HZ cows had five fewer days pregnant and were 22.8 kg heavier at calving (p<0.05) than BZ cows. Conclusions: The effect of the percentage of Bt genes on cow fertility depends on the dairy breed used. In general, BZ and HZ cows present similar reproductive performance.

Antecedentes: Ninguna raza lechera o cruce tiene un desempeño general superior en todos los ambientes; por lo tanto, es necesario determinar cuál cruce lechero es más apropiado en el trópico mexicano y qué proporción de raza europea es óptima para la reproducción. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la proporción de genes Bos taurus (Bt) en el desempeño reproductivo de vacas cruzadas Holstein×Cebú (HC) y Pardo Suizo×Cebú (PC), y comparar el desempeño reproductivo de estos dos genotipos en un sistema de producción doble propósito. Métodos: Las vacas se mantuvieron en un sistema de pastoreo rotacional en zacate Estrella de África (Cynodon plectostachyus) en Veracruz, México. Las vacas se ordeñaron dos veces al día. Los becerros se mantuvieron atados, a un costado de sus madres mientras éstas se ordeñaron. Resultados: El porcentaje de genes Bt no afectó (p>0,05) ninguna característica de fertilidad (edad a primer parto, días a primer servicio después del parto, servicios por concepción, tasa de preñez a primer servicio, días abiertos a la concepción, duración de la gestación, e intervalo entre partos) de las vacas PC. En contraste, las vacas HC con menos de 75% de genes Holstein (H) fueron 0,3 años más jóvenes (p<0,05) al primer parto y tuvieron 39,8 días abiertos menos (p<0,05) que las vacas HC con 75% de genes H o más. Además, el intervalo entre partos de las vacas HC con menos de 75% de genes H fue 44,8 días más corto (p<0,05) que el de las vacas HC con 75% de genes H o más. Las vacas HC tuvieron cinco días de gestación menos y fueron 22,8 kg más pesadas al parto (p<0,05) que las PC. Conclusiones: El efecto del porcentaje de genes Bt sobre la fertilidad de la vaca depende de la raza lechera usada. En general, las vacas PC y HC tienen similar desempeño reproductivo.

Antecedentes: Nenhuma raça ou cruza leiteira tem desempenho geral superior em todos os ambientes; portanto, é necessário determinar qual cruza leiteira é mais apropriada no trópico mexicano e qual proporção da raça europeia é ideal para a reprodução das vacas. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da proporção de genes Bos taurus (Bt) no desempenho reprodutivo de vacas Holandês×Zebu (HZ) e Pardo Suíço×Zebu (PZ), e comparar o desempenho reprodutivo desses dois genótipos em sistema de produção de dupla aptidão. Métodos: As vacas foram mantidas em sistema de pastoreio rotacional em capim Estrela de África (Cynodon plectostachyus) em Veracruz, México. As vacas foram ordenhadas duas vezes por dia. Os bezerros foram mantidos ao lado de suas mães enquanto eram ordenhadas. Resultados: A porcentagem dos genes Bt não afetou (p>0,05) nenhuma característica de fertilidade (idade ao primeiro parto, número de dias para o primeiro serviço pós-parto, serviços por concepção, taxa de prenhes no primeiro serviço, dias abertos, período de gestação e intervalo entre partos) das vacas PZ. Em contraste, vacas HC com menos de 75% dos genes Holandês (H) eram 0,3 anos mais jovens (p<0,05) no primeiro parto e tiveram 39,8 dias abertos a menos (p<0,05) do que as vacas HZ com 75% ou mais dos genes H. Além disso, o intervalo de parto das vacas HZ com menos de 75% dos genes H foram 44,8 dias mais curtos (p<0,05) do que as vacas HZ com 75% ou mais de genes H. As vacas HZ tiveram cinco dias de gestação a menos e foram 22,8 kg mais pesadas no parto (p<0,05) do que as PZ. Conclusões: O efeito da porcentagem de genes Bt na fertilidade da vaca dependeu da raça leiteira utilizada. Em geral, as vacas PZ e HZ tiveram desempenho reprodutivo semelhante.

Calidad de vida y estrategias de afrontamiento en pacientes con cáncer ginecológico / Quality of life and coping strategies in patients with gynecological cancer

Resumen Introducción: El cáncer ginecológico impacta psicológicamente a la mujer. En este proceso las Estrategias de Afrontamiento-EA, al parecer, se asocian con la Calidad de Vida relacionada con la Salud-CvRS; sin embargo, se desconoce el valor predictivo de las EA sobre la CvRS. Este artículo tiene como finalidad identificar las diferencias y la naturaleza de la relación entre la CvRS y las EA respecto al apoyo psicológico, así como identificar si las EA predicen la CvRS. Método: Se efectuó un diseño no-experimental con 55 mujeres entre 27 y 69 años, M = 42.3, DE = 10.1, diagnosticadas con cáncer ginecológico. La CvRS se evaluó con el FACT-Cx y el SF-36; las EA, con el CAEPO. Resultados: las mujeres con asistencia psicológica tienen mejor CvRS y EA, igualmente, la CvRS se correlacionó con las EA positivas. La dimensión de salud general también es explicada por las EA positivas e inversamente por las EA negativas. Las EA que mejor predicen las CvRS son: Enfrentamiento y Lucha Activa, y Autocontrol y Control Emocional, mientras que las EA negativas afectan la CvRS. Conclusión: Los resultados resaltan la necesidad de acompañamiento psicológico que promueva EA positivas y beneficien la CvRS en mujeres con cáncer ginecológico.

Abstract Introduction: Gynecological cancer impacts women psychologically. In this process, the Coping Strategies-CS are apparently associated with Health-Related Quality of Life HRQL; however, the predictive value of CS on HRQL is unknown. This article aims to identify the differences and the nature of the relationship of HRQL and CS regarding psychological support, as well as to identify whether CS predict HRQL. Method: A non-experimental design was performed with 55 women between 27 and 69 years old, M = 42.3, DE = 10.1, diagnosed with gynecological cancer. The HRQL was evaluated with the FACT-Cx and the SF-36; and the CS, with CAEPO (Spanish acronym). Results: Women with psychological support have better HRQL and CS, likewise, HRQL was correlated with positive CS. The general health dimension is also explained by positive CS, and inversely by negative CS. The CS that best predict HRQL are: active confrontation and fighting, and self-control and emotional control, while negative CS affect HRQL. Conclusion: The results highlight the need for psychological support that promotes positive CS and benefits HRQL in women with gynecological cancer.

Riesgo suicida y su relación con la inteligencia emocional y la autoestima en estudiantes universitarios / Suicidal risk and its relation with emotional intelligence and self-esteem in university students

Resumen: El objetivo fue establecer la relación del riesgo suicida con la inteligencia emocional y autoestima en una muestra de 1414 estudiantes universitarios de dos ciudades colombianas a partir de un estudio cuantitativo, con diseño no experimental de tipo transversal. Se usaron como instrumentos la Escala de Riesgo Suicida de Plutchik (RS), las versiones adaptadas de Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS-24) y la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (RAE), y una Ficha sociodemográfica ad hoc. Los resultados evidencian correlaciones estadísticamente significativas (p<.001) positivas entre riesgo suicida, atención emocional y autodesprecio; y negativas (p<.001) entre riesgo suicida, inteligencia emocional, claridad emocional, regulación emocional, autoestima y autoconfianza. Se indica que la inteligencia emocional respecto de la claridad, regulación, autoestima y autoconfianza son factores protectores del riesgo suicida, y, al contrario, la atención emocional y el autodesprecio son factores de riesgo para el suicidio.

Abstract: The objective was to establish of suicidal risk with emotional intelligence and self-esteem in a sample of 1414 university students of two Colombian cities from a quantitative study, with a non-experimental cross-sectional design. The Plutchik-RS Suicide Risk Scale, the adapted versions of the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS-24) and the Rosenberg-RAE Scale of Self-Esteem and an ad hoc Sociodemographic Record was used as instruments. The results show positive statistically significant correlations (p> 0.001) among suicidal risk, emotional attention and self-deprecation; and negative correlations (p> 0.001) among suicidal risk, emotional intelligence, emotional clarity, emotional regulation, self-esteem and self-confidence. We would like to highlight that emotional intelligence regarding clarity, regulation, self-esteem and self-confidence are protective factors of suicidal risk, and conversely, emotional attention and self-deprecation are risk factors for suicide.

Propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de ansiedad social para adultos (CASO) en Perú / Psychometric properties of the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults (SAQ) in Peru

Resumen La investigación sobre la evaluación de la ansiedad social en Iberoamérica es escasa. En los últimos años se ha informado sobre las características psicométricas del "Cuestionario de ansiedad social para adultos" (CASO) en distintos países iberoamericanos, excepto Perú. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las pruebas de validez basadas en el constructo, las pruebas de validez basadas en la relación con otras variables de tipo convergente y la fiabilidad del CASO, utilizando una muestra no clínica de 3064 peruanos. El análisis factorial confirmatorio comprobó que el modelo de cinco factores relacionados se ajustaba mejor a los datos que el modelo jerárquico y se halló que el modelo unifactorial no tenía un buen ajuste. Las correlaciones entre los factores del CASO (de .608 a .709) indicaron que cada uno de ellos evalúa aspectos específicos del constructo y aportan, a su vez, a la medición global del mismo. Los coeficientes de fiabilidad fueron de aceptables a muy buenos (.78( (( .85, .75( (( .83). La alta correlación (r= .69) con la subescala de Ansiedad de la "Escala de ansiedad social de Liebowitz, versión de autoinforme" (LSAS-SR), apoya su relación con la variable convergente. Estas adecuadas características psicométricas del CASO respaldan su utilización con población peruana.

Abstract Research on the assessment of social anxiety in Ibero-America is scarce. In recent years, the psychometric characteristics of the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for adults (SAQ) have been reported in different Ibero-American countries except Peru. The aim of this study was to analyze the construct and the convergent validity, and the reliability of the SAQ, using a non-clinical sample of 3064 Peruvians. The confirmatory factorial analysis showed that the model of five-related factors was better adjusted to the data than the hierarchical model, and that the unifactorial model did not have a good fit. The correlations between their factors (from .608 to .709) indicate that each of them evaluates specific aspects of the construct and also contribute to the overall measurement of it. The reliability coefficients were from acceptable to very good (.78( (( .85, .75( (( .83). The high correlation (r= .69) with the Anxiety subscale of the "Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self-Report version" (LSAS-SR) supports its convergent validity. These appropriate psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire support its use with the Peruvian population.

Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale in a large cross-cultural Spanish and Portuguese speaking sample

Objective: To examine the psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self Report (LSAS-SR) based on a large sample recruited from 16 Latin American countries, Spain, and Portugal. Methods: Two groups of participants were included: a non-clinical sample involving 31,243 community subjects and a clinical sample comprising 529 patients with a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used in order to determine the psychometric properties of the LSAS-SR. Results: EFA identified five factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.00 explaining 50.78% of the cumulative variance. CFA and ESEM supported this 5-factor structure of the LSAS-SR. The factors included: 1) speaking in public; 2) eating/drinking in front of other people; 3) assertive behaviors; 4) working/writing while being observed; and 5) interactions with strangers. Other psychometric properties such as inter-factor correlations, invariance, reliability, and validity of the scale were also found. Conclusion: Psychometric data support the internal consistency and convergent validity of the LSAS-SR. It seems to be a valid and reliable measure of global social anxiety for Spanish and Portuguese-speaking countries, although when considering a multidimensional approach (factor-based assessment) it seems to be lacking some relevant social situations that are feared in those countries.

Genetic parameters for scrotal circumference, frame score and yearling weight of Mexican Charolais and Charbray young bulls / Parámetros genéticos de circunferencia escrotal, talla corporal y peso al año de toros jóvenes mexicanos Charolais y Charbray / Parâmetros genéticos de perímetro escrotal, escore de frame e peso ao ano de idade de touros jovens mexicanos Charolês e Charbray

Abstract Background: Knowledge of genetic correlations and the economics of traits are essential to decide which traits should be used as selection criteria. Objective: To estimate heritabilities and genetic, environmental, and phenotypic correlations, and direct (DRS) and correlated (CRS) responses to selection by scrotal circumference (SC), frame score (FS), and yearling weight (YW) of Mexican Charolais (CH), and Charbray (CB) young bulls. Methods: Actual SC, height and YW records (10,078 for CH, and 500 for CB) were adjusted to 365 d. The 0.0505 adjustment factor recommended by the Beef Improvement Federation was used to obtain the 365-d adjusted SC for both breeds. Height and age records were used to obtain FS. Data were analyzed using a three-trait animal model. The animal model for each trait included bull breed, contemporary group (groups of young bulls born in the same herd, year, and season of the year), and age of dam as a linear covariate as fixed effects, and direct additive genetic and residual as random effects. Results: Heritability estimates for SC, FS and YW were 0.21 ± 0.04, 0.25 ± 0.04, and 0.29 ± 0.04, respectively. The genetic correlation between YW with SC was 0.37 ± 0.16, and between YW with FS was 0.42 ± 0.16. The estimate of genetic correlation between SC and FS was low and positive (0.15 ± 0.14). The DRS was 0.38 cm, 0.18 units, and 8.30 kg for SC, FS and YW. The CRS was 0.16 cm, and 0.08 units for SC and FS from indirect selection on YW. Conclusions: Direct selection for YW is expected to be effective. Indirect selection for SC and FS based on YW would not be expected to be as effective as direct selection for improving SC and FS.

Resumen Antecedentes: el conocimiento de las correlaciones genéticas y el aspecto económico de las características son necesarios para decidir qué características usar como criterios de selección. Objetivo: estimar las heredabilidades y correlaciones genéticas, ambientales y fenotípicas, y respuesta directa (DRS) y correlacionada (CRS) a la selección por circunferencia escrotal (SC), talla corporal (FS), y peso al año (YW) de toros jóvenes mexicanos Charolais (CH), y Charbray (CB). Métodos: registros (10.078 para CH y 500 para CB) de SC, altura y YW se ajustaron a 365 d. El factor de ajuste de 0,0505 recomendado por la Beef Improvement Federation se usó para obtener la SC ajustada a 365 d para ambas razas. Registros de altura y edad del animal se usaron para calcular FS. Los datos se analizaron usando un modelo animal para tres características. El modelo animal para cada característica incluyó raza del toro, grupo contemporáneo (grupos de toros jóvenes nacidos en el mismo hato, año y época del año) y edad de la madre como covariable lineal como efectos fijos, y el genético aditivo directo y el error como efectos aleatorios. Resultados: los estimadores de heredabilidad de SC, FS y YW fueron 0,21 ± 0,04, 0,25 ± 0,04 y 0,29 ± 0,04, respectivamente. La correlación genética de YW con SC fue 0,37 ± 0,16, y de YW con FS fue 0,42 ± 0,16. El estimador de la correlación genética entre SC y FS fue bajo y positivo (0,15 ± 0,14). La DRS fue 0,38 cm, 0,18 unidades, y 8,30 kg para SC, FS y YW. La CRS fue 0,16 cm y 0,08 unidades para SC y FS al seleccionar YW. Conclusiones: se espera que la selección directa de YW sea efectiva. La selección indirecta de SC y FS basada en YW no se espera que sea tan efectiva como la selección directa para mejorar SC y FS.

Resumo Antecedentes: o conhecimento das correlações genéticas, e aspecto econômico de as características são necessário para decidir que características usar como critérios de seleção. Objetivo: estimar herdabilidades e correlações genéticas, ambientais e fenotípicas, e resposta direta (DRS), e correlacionada (CRS) à seleção do perímetro escrotal (SC), escore de frame (FS), e peso ao ano de idade (YW) de touros jovens mexicanos Charolês (CH), e Charbray (CB). Métodos: registros (10.078 para CH e 500 para CB) de SC, altura e YW foram ajustados a 365 d. O fator de ajuste 0,0505 recomendado por a Beef Improvement Federation foi usado para obter o SC ajustado aos 365 d para ambas raças. Registros de altura na garupa e idade do animal foram usados para obter o FS. Os dados foram analisados usando um modelo animal para três características. O modelo animal para cada característica incluiu raça do touro, grupo contemporâneo (grupos de touros jovens nascidos no mesmo fazenda, ano e época do ano) e idade materna como covariável linear como efeitos fixos, e genético aditivo direto e o erro como efeitos aleatórios. Resultados: as estimativas de herdabilidade para SC, FS e YW foram 0,21 ± 0,04, 0,25 ± 0,04 e 0,29 ± 0,04, respetivamente. A correlação genética do YW com SC foi 0,37 ± 0,16, e de YW com FS foi 0,42 ± 0,16. A estimativa da correlação genética entre SC e FS foi baixa e positiva (0,15 ± 0,14). A DRS foi 0,38 cm, 0,18 unidades, e 8,30 kg para SC, FS e YW. A CRS foi 0,16 cm e 0,08 unidades para SC e FS al selecionar YW. Conclusões: espera-se que a seleção direta do YW seja eficaz. A seleção indireta de SC e FS com base no YW não se espera que seja tão efetiva como a seleção direta para melhorar SC e FS.

Validação brasileira do questionário de ansiedade social para adultos (CASO) / Brazilian validation of the social anxiety questionnaire for adults (SAQ) / Validación brasileña del cuestionario de ansiedad social para adultos (CASO)

Uma prática comum no campo da avaliação da ansiedade social em países de língua espanhola e portuguesa é o uso de instrumentos de origem anglo-saxã sem adaptação prévia para o país de nova aplicação. Recentemente, desenvolveu-se empiricamente o novo Questionário de Ansiedade Social para Adultos (CASO) com situações sociais provenientes da América Latina, da Espanha e de Portugal. Este artigo apresenta as propriedades psicométricas do CASO aplicado a uma amostra de 2.422 brasileiros. Os resultados mostram que o questionário mantém a sua estrutura original de cinco dimensões, com os seus 30 itens apresentando carga fatorial superior a 0,40 em cada um dos cinco fatores. A confiabilidade e a consistência interna são elevadas. Foram encontradas diferenças associadas ao sexo, com mulheres pontuaram de maneira mais elevada em três das cinco dimensões e na ansiedade social geral. Esses dados indicam que o CASO (SAQ) é uma medida válida e confiável para uso no Brasil.

A common practice in the field of social anxiety assessment in Portuguese and Spanish-speaking countries is the use of instruments, developed in English-speaking countries, without prior adaptation to the country of application. Recently, it has been empirically developed the new Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults (SAQ) with social situations from Ibero America, Spain, and Portugal. This article presents the psychometric properties of the SAQ, applied to a sample of 2,422 Brazilians. The results show that the questionnaire maintains its five-factor original structure, with its 30 items loading above 0.40 in each of the five factors. The reliability and internal consistency are high. Differences associated with gender were found, showing that women scored higher than men in three out of the five factors and in global social anxiety. These data indicate that the SAQ is a reliable and valid measure for use in Brazil.

Una práctica frecuente en el campo de la evaluación de la ansiedad social en países de lengua española y portuguesa es el empleo de instrumentos de origen anglosajón. Recientemente se ha desarrollado de forma empírica el nuevo Cuestionario de ansiedad social para adultos (CASO) con situaciones sociales generadas en Latinoamérica, España y Portugal. Este artículo presenta las propiedades psicométricas del CASO aplicado a una muestra de 2.422 brasileños. Los resultados muestran que el cuestionario mantiene su estructura original de cinco dimensiones, con sus 30 ítems presentando una saturación factorial superior a 0,40 en cada uno de los cinco factores. La fiabilidad y la consistencia interna son elevadas. Se encontraron diferencias asociadas al sexo, con las mujeres puntuando más alto que los hombres en tres de las cinco dimensiones y en la ansiedad social global. Estos datos indican que el CASO (SAQ) es una medida válida y fiable para su utilización en Brasil.

Parenting practices and markers of mental health in adolescence / Prácticas parentales e indicadores de salud mental en adolescentes

Resumen Este trabajo buscó identificar el valor predictivo de las prácticas parentales percibidas por los hijos, tanto del padre como de la madre, sobre algunos indicadores de ajuste en los adolescentes, específicamente sobre aspectos positivos como la autoestima, la resiliencia y las competencias socioemocionales, también de aspectos negativos, como la ansiedad, la depresión y las conductas disruptivas. Se evaluaron 417 adolescentes mexicanos con la versión para los hijos de la Escala de Prácticas Parentales, el Inventario Bar-On de Cociente Emocional (EQ-i-YV, Escala de Resiliencia para Adolescentes, Escala de Autoestima, Escala de Ansiedad Manifiesta en Niños Revisada, Inventario de Depresión Infantil y Escala de Conducta Disocial. Los resultados indicaron que la variable de control psicológico es un importante predictor de la sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva, mientras que las prácticas parentales relativas a la comunicación y a la autonomía explicaban la presencia de mejores indicadores de ajuste; así mismo, se encontró un efecto protector del control conductual materno sobre la presencia de conductas disociales. Al final, se discuten los resultados a la luz de la problemática en el contexto.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the predictive value of the parental practices of both parents, perceived by their children over some indicators of adjustment in adolescents. This was explored particularly on positive aspects such as self-esteem, resilience and social and emotional competences, and negative aspects such as anxiety, depression, and disruptive behaviors. Participants were 417 Mexican adolescents and were evaluated with the following measures: Parental Practices Scale, Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory-Youth Version (EQ-i-YV), Resilience Scale for Adolescents, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, Child Depression Inventory and Scale for Dissocial Conduct. Results indicated that the variable of psychological control was an important predictor of anxious and depressive symptomatology. On the other hand, parental practices related to communication and autonomy explained the presence of better indicators of adjustment. In the same way, a protective effect was found on maternal behavior control over the presence of disruptive behaviors. Finally, results are discussed to shed light on the problematic context.

Validez de constructo y fiabilidad del «Cuestionario de ansiedad social para adultos¼ (CASO) en Colombia / Construct validity and reliability of the "Social Anxiety Questionnaire for adults" (SAQ) in Colombia

El «Cuestionario de ansiedad social para adultos¼ (CASO) es una medida de autoinforme desarrollada para los países de habla española y portuguesa. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la validez de constructo y la fiabilidad del CASO en Colombia. Participaron 5477 personas de la población general contestando el CASO y la «Escala de ansiedad social de Liebowitz-versión de autoinforme¼ (LSAS-SR). El análisis paralelo y el análisis factorial exploratorio del CASO arrojaron una solución de cinco factores (hablar en público/interacción con personas de autoridad; quedar en evidencia o en ridículo; expresión asertiva de molestia, desagrado o enfado; interacción con el sexo opuesto e interacción con desconocidos), que explicaban el 53.44% de la varianza. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró que el modelo de cinco factores correlacionados era el modelo con mejor ajuste. Las correlaciones entre la puntuación total del CASO y las subescalas y la puntuación total de la LSAS-SR fueron de moderadas a altas (0.53< r <0.64). La fiabilidad y la consistencia interna de la puntuación total del CASO fueron de 0.91 y 0.93, respectivamente, y para las dimensiones estuvieron entre 0.74 y 0.84. Estos resultados permiten concluir que el CASO es una medida válida y fiable para medir la ansiedad social en la población colombiana.

The Social Anxiety Questionnaire for adults (SAQ) is a self-report measurement tool developed for Portuguese and Spanish-speaking countries. The aim of this study was to examine the construct validity and reliability of the SAQ in Colombia. A total of 5477 people from the general population answered the SAQ and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Self-Report version (LSAS-SR). The parallel and exploratory factor analysis of the SAQ yielded a five-factor solution with, speaking in public/talking with people in authority; criticism and embarrassment; assertive expression of annoyance, disgust, or displeasure; interaction with the opposite sex, and interactions with strangers, explaining 53.44% of variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the five correlated factors model was the best fitted model. Correlations between the total score of the SAQ and total score of the LSAS-SR and its subscales were from moderate to high (0.53 < r< 0.64). The reliability and internal consistency for the total score and dimensions of the SAQ were 0.91 and 0.93, respectively, and for the dimensions were between 0.74 and 0.84. These results suggest that the SAQ is a valid and reliable measurement tool for the Colombian population.

Intervenciones de enfermería especializada en un adulto con alteraciones de la marcha ocasionadas por quemadura eléctrica / Specialized nursing interventions in an adult with gait alterations as a result of electrical burn

Introducción: El programa de rehabilitación del paciente quemado se centra en 4 áreas: actividades de la vida diaria, arcos de movimiento, posicionamiento y manejo de la cicatrización, encaminadas a limitar la pérdida de movimiento, minimizar deformaciones anatómicas y reintegrar al paciente a la vida social. Objetivo: Proporcionar cuidado especializado de enfermería a paciente quemado. Métodos: Se trata de masculino de 55 años con quemaduras de tercer grado por electricidad en ambas manos y en el primer ortejo derecho. Se realizó una valoración integral de enfermería, utilizando una guía de entrevista, seguida de una exploración física. Se complementó con otras herramientas de valoración como: índice de Barthel, escala de Lawton, Tinetti, Daniels y Crichton. Los diagnósticos de enfermería se formularon utilizando el formato P.E.S. Resultados: Se identificó como problema principal la movilidad, específicamente la marcha así como el manejo de la cicatriz. Conclusiones: Se aumentó la fuerza y el tono de los músculos cuádriceps e isquiotibiales y, se disminuyó la retracción y la hiperestesia de la cicatriz del primer ortejo derecho.

Introduction: The burned patient rehabilitation program is centered on four areas: daily life activities, movement arches, positioning, and wound healing management, all directed to limit movement loss, minimize anatomical deformations, and reintegrate the patient into his/her social life. Objective: To provide specialized nursing care to the burned patient. Methods: The patient is a 55 year old male with 3rd degree electricity burns in both hands and the first right digit. An integral nursing assessment was performed using a survey guide, followed by a physical exploration, and other assessment tools including the Barthel Index, the Lawton scale, Tinetti, Daniels and Crichton. Nursing diagnoses were generated using the P.E.S. format. Results: Mobility, gait, and wound healing were identified as core problems. Conclusions: Quadriceps and hamstring muscles strength and tone were enhanced, the first right digit wound hyperesthesia and retractions were diminished.

Intervención psicoeducativa dirigida a personas con epilepsia y sus familiares / Psycho-educative intervention directed to persons with epilepsy and their family members

Fundamento: las personas con epilepsia y su familia se afectan con la enfermedad y sus consecuencias psicosociales. Objetivo: comprobar los efectos de la intervención psicoeducativa, en personas con epilepsia y su familia para el logro de la aceptación de la enfermedad y el afrontamiento a esta en los pacientes y familiares. Metodología: se realizó un diseño experimental con 60 pacientes seleccionados intencionalmente con diagnóstico de epilepsias, se conformaron dos grupos de 30 sujetos por designación aleatoria. Se aplicó una entrevista al enfermo y su familia antes y después de la intervención. Los resultados fueron analizados con técnicas no paramétricas. Las variables fueron: aceptación de la enfermedad, afrontamiento a la epilepsia por el paciente y afrontamiento a las crisis por el familiar conviviente. Resultados: los pacientes del grupo estudio la aceptación como afrontamiento a la enfermedad se duplicó y desapareció el miedo tras la intervención, observándose diferencias significativas antes y después. El afrontamiento de la familia a las crisis se modificó favorablemente diferenciando el comportamiento del grupo de estudio y de control. Conclusiones: la intervención psicoeducativa logró mejorar la aceptación y el afrontamiento adecuado de la enfermedad de manera significativa; también modificó favorablemente el afrontamiento de las familias a las crisis.

Background: the persons with epilepsy and their family are affected with a disease and its psychosocial consequences. Objective: to test the effects of psycho-educative intervention, in persons with epilepsy and their family to achieve the disease acceptance and how patients and families should face it. Methodology: an experimental design with 60 intentionally selected patients with epilepsy diagnosis; two groups of 30 subjects by random designation were made. An interview to the patient and his family before and after the intervention was applied. Results were analyzed with non-parametrical techniques. The variables used were: disease acceptance, confrontation with epilepsy by patient and confrontation with crisis by the family that lives with. Results: patients from the disease acceptance study group confrontation with the disease was doubled and fear after intervention disappeared, observing significant differences before and after. Confrontation with crisis by the family member was favorably modified differentiating the behavior and control of the study group. Conclusions: psycho-educative intervention achieved to better acceptation and adequate confrontation of the disease significantly, the confrontation with crisis by the family members was also favorably modified.

Ultrastructural study of the denervated diaphragm in rats / Estudio ultraestructural del diafragma desnervado en ratas

The structural alterations that occur in the muscle fibers of denervated rat diaphragms were studied. Fifteen adult male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) with a mean weight of 200 g and about 60 days of age were used. Chronically denervated diaphragms were obtained and the animals were sacrificed after 4, 8 and 12 weeks of denervation. The left antimere of the diaphragm was denervated by sectioning of the phrenic nerve and the right antimere served as control. Each antimere was divided into fragments, which were used for analysis transmission electron microscopy. During the initial phase of denervation (4 weeks), ultrastructural muscle modifications appeared in scattered fibers and in foci along these fibers. Muscle fibers with foci of less dense and loosely arranged myofibrils, disorganized Z line, displaced T tubules, and central nucleus exhibiting reentrances and fragmented aspect were observed. After 8 weeks, formation of large aggregates of small elongated mitochondria showing altered cristae, matrix inclusions and increased electron density was noted. At 12 weeks of denervation the alterations were found to be more drastic. Nuclei with internal deposits of myofibrillar or amorphous material were observed. In these fibers, vacuoles harbored enormous myeloid structures in the subsarcolemmal or intermyofibrillar region.

Fueron estudiadas las alteraciones ultra estructurales de las fibras musculares del diafragma denervado de ratas. Fueron utilizadas 15 ratas albinas (Rattus norvegicus), machos, adultas, con peso promedio de 200 g de aproximadamente 60 días de edad. Los diafragmas crónicamente denervados fueron obtenidos después de 4, 8 y 12 semanas de denervación. El antímero izquierdo del diafragma fue denervado por sección del nervio frénico y el antímero derecho fue utilizado como control. Cada antímero fue dividido en fragmentos, que fueron utilizados para el estudio en microscopia electrónica de transmisión. Durante los períodos iniciales de denervación (4 semanas), las modificaciones en la ultraestructura del músculo se disponen en fibras dispersas y en focos a lo largo de las mismas. Se observan fibras musculares con focos de miofibrillas rarefactas y laxamente dispuestas; línea Z desorganizada; túbulos T dislocados; núcleo central con aspecto fragmentado. Después de 8 semanas de denervación, se observa la formación de numeroso agregados de pequeñas mitocondrias alargadas, con alteraciones en las crestas, inclusiones en la matriz y aumento de la electrodensidad. Con 12 semanas de denervación, las alteraciones se muestran más drásticas; se observan núcleos con depósitos internos de material miofibrillar o amorfo. En estas fibras, las vacuolas presentan grandes estructuras mieloides en la región subsarcolemal o intermiofibrillar.

Morphologic alterations resulting from denervation of the diaphragm in rats / Alteraciones morfológicas resultantes de la denervación del diafragma en ratas

The morphological alterations that occur in the muscle fibers of denervated rat diaphragms were studied. Fifteen adult male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) with a mean weight of 200 g and about 60 days of age were used. Chronically denervated diaphragms were obtained and the animals were sacrificed after 4, 8 and 12 weeks of denervation. The left antimere of the diaphragm was denervated by sectioning of the phrenic nerve and the right antimere served as control. Each antimere was divided into two fragments, which were used for histological (H.E.) and histoenzymological (NADH-TR and myofibrillar ATPase). After 4 weeks, denervated muscle fibers showed important light microscopic alterations: atrophy with angular profiles in cross-sections, cytoplasm containing vacuoles, enlarged interstitial space with increased connective tissue, cellular infiltration, and muscle fibers without defined contours. The most marked alterations being observed for type IIb and IIa fibers. Eight and 12 weeks after denervation, the NADH-TR reaction showed that it was impossible to characterize the muscle fibers based on their metabolic profile...

Fueron estudiadas las alteraciones morfológicas de las fibras musculares del diafragma denervado de ratas. Se utilizaron 15 ratas albinas (Rattus norvegicus) machos, adultos, con peso promedio de 200g y cerca de 60 días de edad. Se denervó el diafragma y después de 4, 8 y 12 semanas los animales fueron sacrificados. El antímero izquierdo del diafragma fue denervado por sección del nervio frénico y el antímero derecho fue utilizado como control. Cada antímero fue dividido en fragmentos, utilizados para el estudio histológico (H-E), histoenzimológico (NADH-TR y ATPasa miofibrilar). Después de 4 semanas las fibras musculares denervadas presentaron alteraciones importantes en lamicroscopía de luz: atrofia con perfiles angulados en secciones transversales; citoplasma con vacuolas; aumento del espacio intersticial con aumento de tejido conjuntivo; infiltración celular y fibras musculares sin contornos definidos, siendo las alteraciones más marcadas en las fibras tipo IIb e IIa. Después de 8 y 12 semanas de denervación la reacción para NADH-TR demuestra que es imposible caracterizar a las fibras musculares a través de su perfil metabólico...

Morphometric and morphological analysis of neuromuscular junction alterations in the denervated rat diaphragm / Evaluación de las alteraciones morfológicas y morfométricas de las uniones neuromusculares del diafragma denervado en ratas

The morphological and structural alterations that occur in the neuromuscular junctions of the denervated rat diaphragm were studied. Fifteen adult male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged about 60 days and with a mean weight of 200 g were used. Chronically denervated diaphragms were obtained and the animals were sacrificed after 4, 8 and 12 weeks of denervation. The left antimere of the diaphragm was denervated by section of the phrenic nerve and the right antimere was used as control. Each antimere was divided into three fragments: one was used for histochemical (nonspecific esterase) and morphometric study of neuromuscular junctions, and the other two were used for transmission and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Histochemical analysis of the diaphragm neuromuscular junctions after denervation showed only small changes in junction morphology. However, these junctions became smaller and elongated and presented less visible contours with increasing time of denervation. Ultrastructural analysis of neuromuscular junctions after 12 weeks showed more or less organized junctional folds on the muscle fiber surface. The junctional cytoplasm exhibited important alterations such as mitochondrial degeneration and the presence of numerous filaments. SEM revealed the presence of deep primary synaptic grooves with peripheral excavations which housed the nerve terminal boutons and exhibited internally the secondary synaptic clefts present among the junctional folds of the sarcolemma. This study showed that some of the morphological changes demonstrated in other denervated striated skeletal muscles are not repeated at the same intensity or in the same temporal pattern in the rat diaphragm.

En este trabajo se estudiaron las alteraciones morfológicas y estructurales de las uniones neuromusculares en el diafragma denervado de ratas. Se utilizaron 15 ratas albinas (Rattus norvegicus), machos, adultos, con peso promedio de 200g y cerca de 60 días de edad. Los diafragmas crónicamente denervados fueron obtenidos y los animales se sacrificaron después de 4, 8 y 12 semanas de denervación. El antímero izquierdo del diafragma fue denervado por sección del nervio frénico y el antímero derecho fue utilizado como control. Cada antímero fue dividido en 3 fragmentos: uno fue utilizado para el estudio histoquímico (esterasa inespecífica) y morfométrico. Los otros dos se destinaron al estudio de microscopía electrónica de transmisión (MET) y microscopia electrónica de barrido (MEB) de las uniones neuromusculares. El estudio histoquímico de las uniones neuromusculares posterior a la denervación, muestra que la morfología de esas uniones sufre pequeñas alteraciones. Con la evolución del tiempo de denervación esas uniones muestran tamaños menores, son alargadas y con contornos menos nítidos. La ultra-estructura de las uniones neuromusculares después de 12 semanas, demostró que la superficie de la fibra muscular exhibe pliegues de unión más o menos organizados. La región del citoplasma de unión exhibe alteraciones importantes, con degeneración mitocondrial y presencia de muchos filamentos. En MEB se observa que los botones sinápticos primarios son profundos, presentan escavaciones periféricas donde estaban alojados los botones de las terminaciones nerviosas y exhiben internamente, los espacios sinápticos secundarios presentes entre los pliegues de unión del sarcolema. Este estudio mostró que algunos patrones morfológicos demostrados en otros músculos estriados esqueléticos denervados no se repiten con la misma intensidad y curso temporal en el diafragma de ratas.

Estilos, rasgos y trastornos de la personalidad: interrelaciones y diferencias asociadas al sexo / Estilos, traços e transtornos da personalidade: inter-relações e diferenças associadas ao sexo / Styles, traits and disorders of personality: inter-relationships and differences associated to sex

La búsqueda de la estructura básica de la personalidad es un tema relevante y en los últimos años las investigaciones se han centrado en el modelo de los cinco grandes rasgos o factores. Este trabajo averigua las relaciones que existen entre la personalidad normal y la patológica y las relaciones entre los cinco grandes factores y los trastornos de la personalidad del DSM-IV. La muestra fue de 545 universitarios. Los instrumentos fueron el Cuestionario Big Fiv, el Cuestionario exploratorio de la personalidad y el Inventario Clínico Multiaxial de Millon-II. Los resultados muestran que tres factores, Extraversión, Estabilidad emocional y Amabilidad, se relacionan significativamente con algunos trastornos. Los hombres puntuaban significativamente más alto que las mujeres en factores como extraversión, estabilidad emocional y en los trastornos antisocial, narcisista y sádico. Las mujeres tenían puntuaciones superiores en el factor de la amabilidad y en los trastornos límite, dependiente y depresivo. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados para la práctica clínica.

A pesquisa da estrutura básica da personalidade é um tema relevante e nos últimos anos as investigações tem se centrado no modelo dos cincos grandes fatores. Este trabalho investiga as relações que existem entre a personalidade normal e a patológica, e entre as relações dos cinco grandes fatores e os transtornos da personalidade do DSM-IV. A amostra foi de 545 universitários. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Questionário Big Five, o Questionário exploratório da Personalidade e o Inventário Clínico Multiaxial de Millon-II. Os resultados mostram que três fatores, extroversão, estabilidade Emocional e amabilidade, se relacionam significativamente com alguns transtornos. Os homens pontuaram significativamente mais alto que as mulheres nos fatores como extroversão, estabilidade emocional e em os transtornos anti-social, narcisista e sádico. As mulheres tinham pontuações superiores no fator de Amabilidade e nos transtornos limítrofe, dependente e depressivo. São discutidas as implicações desses resultados para a prática clínica.

The search for the basic structure of personality is a current topic of interest and in the last years the research has focused in the big five traits or factors model. The possibility to establish a reliable classification of the personality disorders is a permanent concern for the researchers in the field; an example of its current state can be found in the section on personality disorders of the DSM-IV. The present work has tried to found the existing relationships between those two fields, the normal and the pathological personalities and more specifically, the relationships between the big five traits and the styles/disorders of personality in base to the DSM-IV. The sample in this work was composed by 545 university students of diverse careers. The self-report instruments used to assess personality areas were the “Big Five Questionnaire” (BFQ; Caprara, Barbaranelli, & Borgogni, 1995) (for traits), the “Exploratory Questionnaire of Personality” (Cuestionario exploratorio de la personalidad, CEPER; Caballo, 1997) (for styles) and the “Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II” (MCMI-II; Millon, 1987) (for disorders). The results show that three of the big traits, extroversion, emotional stability and agreeableness were significantly related to some styles/disorders of personality, particularly the last two traits. On the other hand, men scored significantly higher that women in traits like extroversion and emotional stability and in styles/disorders such as antisocial, narcissistic and sadistic, while women scored higher on the Agreeableness trait and in styles/disorders of personality such as borderline, dependent and depressive. The implications of these results for clinical practice are discussed.

Manipulation of the fatty acids composition of poultry meat and giblets by dietary inclusion of two oil sources and conjugated linoleic acid / Mudança na composição de ácidos graxos das vísceras e da carne de aves tratadas com uma dieta contendo ácido linoléico conjugado e duas fontes de óleo

The effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in association with two vegetable oil sources on the fatty acids of meat and giblets of broiler chickens was evaluated. Two hundred 21-day-old broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized factorial design 2 x 5 (two oil sources, soybean or canola oil; and five levels of CLA, 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0g/kg). The addition of CLA to the diet resulted in an increase (P<0.05) in CLA deposition in the analyzed tissues. CLA supplementation also reduced (P<0.05) the rate of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids in thigh, breast, heart, and gizzard. There was interaction of CLA x oil source (P<0.05). The intake of soybean oil, associated with increasing CLA, resulted in an increase in lipid deposition in edible portions as observed by an increase in the overall content of fatty acids, including CLA, while the use of canola oil, associated with increasing CLA in the diet, resulted in a decrease in lipid content in edible portions, specifically regarding that of saturated fat (P<0.05) in breast meat and liver and in the content of monounsaturated fatty acids (P<0.05) in thigh, breast, liver, and gizzard.

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) associado com duas fontes de óleo na dieta de frangos de corte sobre a composição de ácidos graxos das vísceras e da carne de aves. Duzentos frangos de corte, machos, com 21 dias de idade, foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 5 (duas fontes de óleo, soja e canola e cinco níveis de CLA, 0,0, 2,5, 5,0, 7,5 e 10,0g/kg). A adição de CLA na dieta resultou em aumento (P<0,05) de sua deposição na carne e nas vísceras de aves. Foi observado decréscimo (P<0,05) na taxa de poliinsaturados:saturados nas carnes da coxa e do peito, no coração e na moela com a suplementação de CLA. Houve interação (P<0,05) CLA x fonte de óleo. O uso de teores crescentes de CLA na dieta contendo óleo de soja na dieta resultou em aumento (P<0,05) no conteúdo lipídico. O contrário foi verificado com a utilização de óleo de canola, especificamente no conteúdo de ácidos graxos saturados (P<0,05) na carne do peito e no fígado e de monoinsaturados (P<0,05) nas carnes do peito e da coxa, fígado e moela.

Estudo das relações anatômicas e suas variações entre o nervo ciático e o músculo piriforme / Study on anatomical relationships and variations between the sciatic nerve and piriform muscle

CONTEXTO: A síndrome do músculo piriforme pode ter como causa a passagem anormal do nervo ciático ou de uma de suas partes pelo ventre do músculo piriforme. OBJETIVO: Analisar as relações anatômicas e métricas entre o músculo piriforme e o nervo ciático, contribuindo com o conhecimento anátomo-clínico da região glútea. MÉTODO: Foram utilizados 20 cadáveres adultos de ambos os sexos. O nervo ciático e o músculo piriforme foram dissecados, medidos e fotodocumentados. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que 85 por cento das 40 regiões glúteas apresentaram o nervo como tronco único, passando pela borda inferior do músculo piriforme, e 15 por cento mostraram uma variação bilateral, caracterizada pela passagem do nervo fibular comum através do músculo piriforme. Os dados obtidos não revelaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes.

CONTEXT: Piriform muscle syndrome can be caused by abnormal passage of the sciatic nerve or one of its parts through the belly of the piriform muscle. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the anatomical and measurement relationships between the piriform muscle and the sciatic nerve in order to contribute towards better anatomoclinical understanding of the gluteal region. METHOD: Twenty adult cadavers of both sexes were used. The sciatic nerve and piriform muscle were dissected, measured and photodocumented. RESULTS: The sciatic nerve was seen to be a single trunk passing through the lower margin of the piriform muscle in 85 percent of the 40 gluteal regions, and 15 percent showed bilateral variation characterized by the passage of the common fibular nerve through the piriform muscle. The data obtained did not show any statistically significant differences.

In silico analysis of phytohormone metabolism and communication pathways in citrus transcriptome

Plant hormones play a crucial role in integrating endogenous and exogenous signals and in determining developmental responses to form the plant body throughout its life cycle. In citrus species, several economically important processes are controlled by phytohormones, including seed germination, secondary growth, fruit abscission and ripening. Integrative genomics is a powerful tool for linking newly researched organisms, such as tropical woody species, to functional studies already carried out on established model organisms. Based on gene orthology analyses and expression patterns, we searched the Citrus Genome Sequencing Consortium (CitEST) database for Expressed Sequence Tags (EST) consensus sequences sharing similarity to known components of hormone metabolism and signaling pathways in model species. More than 600 homologs of functionally characterized hormone metabolism and signal transduction members from model species were identified in citrus, allowing us to propose a framework for phytohormone signaling mechanisms in citrus. A number of components from hormone-related metabolic pathways were absent in citrus, suggesting the presence of distinct metabolic pathways. Our results demonstrated the power of comparative genomics between model systems and economically important crop species to elucidate several aspects of plant physiology and metabolism.

Identifying water stress-response mechanisms in citrus by in silico transcriptome analysis

Water deficit is one of the most critical environmental stresses to which plants are submitted during their life cycle. The evolutionary and economic performance of the plant is affected directly by reducing its survival in the natural environment and its productivity in agriculture. Plants respond to water stress with biochemical and physiological modifications that may be involved in tolerance or adaptation mechanisms. A great number of genes have been identified as transcriptionally regulated for water deficit. EST sequencing projects provide a significant contribution to the discovery of expressed genes. The identification and determination of gene expression patterns is important not only to understand the molecular bases of plant responses but also to improve water stress tolerance. In our citrus transcriptome survey we have attempted to identify homologs to genes known to be induced and regulated under water stress conditions. We have identified 89 transcripts whose deduced amino acid sequences share similarities with proteins involved in uptake and transport of water and ion, 34 similar to components of the osmolyte metabolism, 67 involved in processes of membranes and proteins protection and 115 homologs of reactive oxygen species scavenger. Many drought-inducible genes identified are known to be regulated by development, salt, osmotic and low temperature. Their possible roles in specific or general mechanisms of water stress citrus responses are discussed.